The strong excitatory influence of these CSs is thought to drive long-term plasticity at parallel fiber-to-PC synapses, which forms the basis of the first and arguably the most influential concept on the role of the climbing fiber input in reporting motor errors. CSs, on the other hand, are local manifestations of the second stream of input information conveyed by climbing fibers impinging onto target PCs. They are thought to be the sole carrier of information allowing extracerebellar structures to optimize movement kinematics. SSs, which represent the integrated influence of information mediated via the mossy fiber-parallel fiber system and modulatory influences of interneurons, are fired at frequencies high enough to have an impact on target neurons outside the cerebellar cortex. The cerebellocortical Purkinje cell (PC) is unique in that it fires 2 types of action potentials, high-frequency simple spikes (SSs) and low-frequency complex spikes (CSs). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. įunding: Supported by DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant number FOR 1847-A3, TH 425/13-2) received by PT within the framework of Research Unit 1847-A3 “The Physiology of distributed computing underlying higher brain functions in non-human primates”. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Underlying data available from the Dryad Digital Repository. Received: OctoAccepted: AugPublished: September 16, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Markanday et al. Petersen, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, SWITZERLAND PLoS Biol 19(9):Īcademic Editor: Carl C.H. Hence PCs receive a multiplexed climbing fiber input that merges complementary streams of information on the behavior, separable by the recipient PC because they are staggered in time.Ĭitation: Markanday A, Inoue J, Dicke PW, Thier P (2021) Cerebellar complex spikes multiplex complementary behavioral information. Furthermore, we also found CS activity that seemed to predict the upcoming events. We demonstrate that, in addition to carrying error-related information, CSs carry information on the metrics of both primary and small corrective saccades in a time-specific manner, with changes in CS firing probability coupled with changes in CS duration. When faced with the bewildering diversity of findings and views unraveled by highly specific tasks, one may wonder if there is just one true function with all the other attributions wrong? Or is the diversity of findings a reflection of distinct pools of PCs, each processing specific streams of information conveyed by climbing fibers? With these questions in mind, we recorded CSs from the monkey oculomotor vermis deploying a repetitive saccade task that entailed sizable motor errors as well as small amplitude saccades, correcting them. While initially thought to be specialized in reporting information on motor error for the subsequent amendment of behavior, CSs seem to contribute to other aspects of motor behavior as well. While there is consensus that SSs convey information needed to optimize movement kinematics, the function of CSs, determined by the PC’s climbing fiber input, remains controversial. Purkinje cell (PC) discharge, the only output of cerebellar cortex, involves 2 types of action potentials, high-frequency simple spikes (SSs) and low-frequency complex spikes (CSs).
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